Johnatan Haidt "The Anxious Generation"

The author makes a powerful statement: it is primarily smartphones that are responsible for the modern epidemic of mental health disorders. He argues that between 2010 and 2015, a “great rewiring” of childhood took place—previously, it was based on play, especially with physical activity, whereas now it is centered around the phone. The ability to be online and on social media “always and everywhere” is, in his view, an “experience blocker,” reducing interest in offline activities. This new model of childhood causes four major harms to children and adolescents: it limits social interaction and sleep, consumes a large portion of attention, and drives many into addiction. Social media reduces the desire for real-life contact while failing to provide what genuine relationships offer.

The shortening and deterioration of sleep quality are the result, on the one hand, of exposure to blue light in the evening, which inhibits melatonin production and, on the other hand, of the tendency of children and teenagers to use screens at night. It hardly needs to be argued that smartphones draw our attention, just as their high addictive potential is widely recognized. However, it is worth deepening this by noting that many applications are deliberately designed to be addictive. This is achieved through features such as infinite scrolling, algorithms that tailor content to our interests, and the use of mechanisms known from gambling, where the greatest rewards for the brain’s reward system are given randomly.

The author points out the destructive impact of social media on girls, who fall into depression by comparing their appearance to thousands of airbrushed images. He also mentions pornography, which is particularly harmful to boys. Although, unfortunately, Haidt does not condemn it entirely or in principle, it is interesting that he notes how the ease of satisfying sexual needs that it offers reduces the motivation to form romantic relationships. Moreover, viewing pornography leads to perceiving women in the real world as less attractive. I was also intrigued by the fact that although the author is an atheist, he recognizes positive values in religion, which, in his view, are undermined by excessive time spent in virtual spaces. Among these values, he lists: communal experiences of the sacred, silence and contemplation, transcending selfishness, reducing aggression, encouragement to forgive, and a sense of wonder toward nature.

After diagnosing the problems—supported by solid scientific data—it is time to move on to solutions. There is no space here to present the author’s full and rich argument, but it is worth mentioning what he considers the most important suggestions for overcoming the current crisis:

• no smartphones before the age of 13

• no social media accounts before the age of 16

• real age verification

• no phones at school, including during breaks

• a return to physical play with other children, especially without adult interference (an important theme of the book is also a critique of extremely overprotective parenting in the United States).

I strongly encourage reading the book, as the way Haidt develops these ideas—as well as his other statements—is extremely important for understanding and addressing the situation in which we are.